Dinamika Historis dan Metodologis Perkembangan Hukum Islam: Dari Masa Risalah Hingga Era Kodifikasi Modern

Abstract

Islamic law is a normative system with a dynamic character because it continuously interacts with social development, historical change, and the geographical contexts of Muslim societies. This article analyzes the historical and methodological development of Islamic law from the Prophetic period, the era of the Rightly Guided Caliphs, the formation of schools of jurisprudence, the period of taqlid, to modern reform and legal codification. This study employs a qualitative library research method with a historical-jurisprudential approach. The findings indicate that Islamic law developed through a dialectical relationship between revelation, legal reasoning, religious authority, and social realities. During the Prophetic period, law was formed through revelation with a gradual approach that considered social conditions. After the Prophet's death, ijtihad expanded and generated methodological diversity that later crystallized into legal schools. In the modern period, Islamic law underwent transformation through tajdid, family-law reform, and the positivization of selected fiqh norms into state law. Islamic law therefore combines thabat in its fundamental principles with murunah in its application and development.